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交通运输部关于公布第5批符合道路运输车辆卫星定位系统标准的系统平台的公告

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交通运输部关于公布第5批符合道路运输车辆卫星定位系统标准的系统平台的公告

交通运输部


交通运输部关于公布第5批符合道路运输车辆卫星定位系统标准的系统平台的公告

交通运输部公告 2013年第40号 



根据《关于加强道路运输车辆动态监管工作的通知》(交运发〔2011〕80号)以及《关于认真贯彻〈道路运输车辆卫星定位系统平台技术要求〉和〈道路运输车辆卫星定位系统车载终端技术要求〉两项标准的通知》(交运发〔2011〕158号)的有关规定,大连市道路运输车辆动态监管平台等50个系统平台已通过技术审查和公示程序,符合道路运输车辆卫星定位系统标准,现予公布。
详细信息请访问全国重点营运车辆联网联控信息服务网(http://lwlk.mot.gov.cn/)。
附件:第5批符合道路运输车辆卫星定位系统标准的系统平台


交通运输部(章)
2013年7月4日





文档附件:

1.附件:第5批符合道路运输车辆卫星定位系统标准的系统平台.xls
http://www.moc.gov.cn/zhuzhan/zhengwugonggao/jiaotongbu/daoluyunshu/201307/P020130709328038701780.xls


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河南省《税收征收管理暂行条例》实施办法

河南省政府


河南省《税收征收管理暂行条例》实施办法
省政府

第一章 总 则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国税收征收管理暂行条例》(以下简称《条例》)的规定,结合我省实际情况,特制定本实施办法。
第二条 凡由税务机关主管的各种税收的征收管理,除《条例》第四十二条和国家法律另有规定者外,都应当按照《条例》和本办法的规定执行。
纳税人、代征人,必须按照《条例》和本办法规定履行纳税义务和代征、代扣、代缴税款义务,服从税收管理。
第三条 各种税收的征收和减免,必须严格按照税收法规和税收管理体制的规定执行。各地、各部门需减税、免税,应按照税收管理体制规定的权限报批后方可执行。任何地区、部门、单位和个人,都不得以任何形式作出同现行税收法规相抵触的决定,不得截留或挪用国家税款。
第四条 税务机关对护税、协税成绩突出和模范遵守税收法规、及时足额交纳税款以及认真履行代征、代扣、代缴税款义务的单位或个人,应给予表扬和奖励。任何单位和个人都有权检举揭发违反税收法规的行为,税务机关应当为其保密,并给予表彰或奖励。

第二章 税务登记
第五条 纳税人应当按照《条例》第六条规定,向税务主管机关办理税务登记。但下列情形可以不办理税务登记:
一、从事临时贩运的;
二、临时性出售自产农、林、牧、水产品的;
三、非生产经营者偶尔发生纳税义务的;
四、市、地以上税务机关确定不需要办理的。
纳税人所属的跨省、市、地、县(市、区)、乡的非独立核算的分支机构,除由其总机构申报办理税务登记外,应当自设立机构之日起三十日内向所在地税务机关申报办理注册登记或税务登记。
第六条 纳税人申报办理税务登记,应填写税务登记申请表,书面提出申请登记报告,提供主管部门的批准文件、工商行政管理部门发给的营业执照和有关部门批准的某些行业的特种经营许可证。
税务机关对上述报告、文件、证件审核后,予以登记,并按下列规定发给税务登记证:
一、国营、集体企业,发给工商企业《税务登记证》及其副本;
二、领有营业执照的个体工商业户,发给《个体经营税务登记证》;
三、纳税人所属跨地区非独立核算的分支机构和只按财产、投资额纳税的,发给《税务登记卡》;
四、有固定生产经营地点,没有营业执照或领有《临时营业执照》的,发给《临时税务登记证》。
第七条 税务登记证(卡)和副本只限纳税人自己使用,不得涂改、转借或转让。纳税人应亮证经营,接受税务机关检查。
第八条 纳税人办理税务登记证后,凡发生《条例》第九条规定的情形和改变所有制形式、隶属关系、单位名称(包括个人姓名)、经营方式、经营范围、应税项目时,应自有关部门批准之日起三十日内,向主管税务机关申报办理变更登记、重新登记或注销登记。需要结清税款和缴销票
证的,应按《条例》第十条规定执行。
经工商行政管理机关注销或吊销营业执照的纳税人,应及时向主管税务机关申报办理注销税务登记。
第九条 税务登记证(卡)和副本,一至二年审验一次,三至五年更换一次。全省验证和换证的具体时间,由省税务局统一确定。

第三章 纳税鉴定
第十条 按照《条例》第十一条规定,申报办理了税务登记的纳税人,应自领取税务登记证(卡)之日起十五日内,向主管税务机关申报办理纳税鉴定。
第十一条 主管税务机关接到纳税人的纳税鉴定申报后,应当按照《条例》第十二条规定,在三十日内依法审核,做出纳税鉴定,发给纳税鉴定书。
第十二条 主管税务机关应按照《条例》第十三条规定,具体的核定代征、代扣、代缴税款的项目,发给代征人《代征、代扣、代缴税款证书》,并按规定付给手续费。
第十三条 纳税人纳税鉴定的项目发生变化时,应自发生变化之日起十五日内,向主管税务机关申报,修订纳税鉴定。
国家税收法规有变动时,主管税务机关应及时通知纳税人和代征人按变动后的规定执行,并在四十五日内修订纳税鉴定书和代征、代扣、代缴税款证书。

第四章 纳税申报
第十四条 纳税人、代征人应按照《条例》第十六条规定,分别办理纳税申报和代征、代扣、代缴税款的申报手续。纳税人纳税申报和代征、代扣、代缴税款的申报时间,由市、县(市)税务机关根据情况分别确定。
第十五条 纳税人申请减税、免税,应当如实向主管税务机关提出书面报告。在申请获准之前,纳税人应按规定缴纳税款。获准减税或免税期间,仍应按照规定向主管税务机关报送纳税申报表、财务会计报表和有关纳税资料。纳税人获准减免的税款,应按规定的范围使用,并接受税务
机关的监督管理。
纳税人弄虚作假,骗取减税、免税或不按规定用途使用减免税款的,一经查明,税务机关应立即停止减税或免税,并追回全部减免的税款。

第五章 税款征收
第十六条 税款征收方式,由市、县(市)税务机关按下列原则确定:
一、财务会计制度健全,能完整提供纳税资料、准确计算缴纳税款的纳税人,实行查帐征收;
二、帐务不健全,不能准确提供纳税资料、计算缴纳税款的纳税人,实行查定征收或查验征收;
三、生产经营比较稳定,收入较少,经批准暂缓建帐的纳税人,实行定期定额征收;
四、不易控制管理的零星分散税收,实行代征、代扣、代缴。
第十七条 税收征收管理的形式,由市、县(市)税务机关按照《条例》第二十一条规定具体确定。
第十八条 从事临时经营的纳税人,货物销售前,不能提供纳税保证人或预缴纳税保证金的,可留存相当于保证金的实物抵作纳税保证金,并按税务机关规定的期限进行纳税清算。逾期不进行纳税清算的,由市、县(市)税务机关会同财政部门将留存的实物作价处理,抵缴税款。
主管税务机关对纳税人预缴的纳税保证金或留存的实物,应当开具收据,并妥善保管。留存实物的范围、手续、管理以及处理办法,由省税务局确定。

第六章 帐务、票证管理
第十九条 纳税人应按照《条例》第二十六条规定,建立健全帐簿,如实记帐,配备专人办理纳税事项,完整保存帐簿、凭证等纳税资料。个别因经营规模小确无建帐能力的个体纳税人,经市、县(市)税务机关批准,可以暂缓建帐,但必须建立进货发票粘贴簿,完整保存进货发票和有
关纳税资料。
第二十条 国营企业、事业单位的主管部门制定本系统的财务会计制度,应当抄送同级税务机关。集体企业、事业单位的主管部门制定、修改本系统的财务会计制度,必须征得同级税务机关同意。个体工商业户的财务会计制度,由省税务局制定。
实行租赁、承包经营的企业,应按规定建立健全帐簿,执行相应的财务会计制度,并由承包人、承租人依法纳税。
第二十一条 纳税人签订的经济合同、协议等,凡涉及税收的,不得同现行税收法规相抵触。如有抵触时,应按税收法规执行。
第二十二条 发票的印制、管理,应按照《全国发票管理暂行办法》、《河南省发票管理实施细则》规定执行。
第二十三条 国营、集体企业和个体工业、手工业户到外地推销产(商)品或提供劳务的,应持《税务登记证(卡)》向所在地主管税务机关申请填发固定工商业户外销证明,凭证明在销售(劳务)地缴纳营业税、城市维护建设税和教育费附加。应缴纳的产品税、增值税、所得税,仍回原所
在地缴纳。
第二十四条 主管税务机关对纳税人应逐户建立税收资料档案,妥善保管,严格保密。
税收资料档案的内容包括税务登记、纳税鉴定、纳税申报、完税凭证、纳税检查、减税免税、发票领用、财务会计报表以及对纳税人的奖惩记录等。

第七章 税务检查
第二十五条 税务机关有权对纳税人的生产、经营、货物存放场所进行检查,被检查单位和个人不得拒绝,并应如实反映情况,提供有关资料。
第二十六条 税务机关根据需要,可以派人参加公安、交通检查站,执行税收稽查任务。确实需要在车站、码头、机场、交通要道设置税务检查站(组)时,应报所在地省辖市人民政府地区行政公署批准。工商行政管理、公安、交通、铁路、民航邮电、金融、保险等部门,应积极配合、
协助。
第二十七条 税务人员进行税务检查时,必须出示《税务检查证》。《税务检查证》分普通税务检查证和特别税务检查证。对保密单位的税务检查,应持特别税务检查证。

第八章 违章处理
第二十八条 税务机关处理税收违章案件时,应当立案,查清事实,依法处理,并将处理决定书面通知当事人。
第二十九条 根据《条例》第八章的规定,违章行为处罚的具体权限是:
一、纳税人违反《条例》第三十六条规定,罚款五百元以下的,由主管税务机关处理;罚款五百元以上至五千元以下的,由主管税务机关报市、县(市)税务机关批准后处理。
二、纳税人违反《条例》第三十七条一、二款规定的,由主管税务机关处理;违反该条三、四款规定的,由主管税务机关报市、县(市)税务机关批准后处理。
三、主管税务机关执行《条例》第三十八条一、二、三款措施无效时,报市、县(市)税务机关提请人民法院强制执行。
四、没有在银行设立帐户的纳税人,拖欠税款、罚款、滞纳金经多次催缴无效时,由主管税务机关报市、县(市)税务局批准,可以会同工商行政管理、物价部门定价处理其部分产品、商品,抵缴税款、罚款、滞纳金。
五、纳税人违反税收法规以及围攻税务机关、殴打和辱骂税务人员,违反治安管理的,由当地税务机关提请公安机关依照《治安管理处罚条例》给予处罚;情节严重、触犯刑律构成犯罪的,由市、县(市)税务机关提请司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
代征人违反《条例》和本办法规定的,比照对纳税人违章处罚的有关规定处理。
第三十条 违反本办法第三条规定的,由市、县(市)税务机关报请同级人民政府追究责任,并给予经济处罚或纪律处分。
第三十一条 税务人员玩忽职守,滥用职权,索贿受贿,该征不征或乱征乱罚的,由税务机关根据情节轻重给予批评教育或纪律处分;情节严重,触犯刑律构成犯罪的,提请司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十二条 纳税人、代征人或其他当事人同税务机关在纳税或违章处理问题上发生争议时,按照《条例》第四十条规定执行。

第九章 附 则
第三十三条 《税务登记证(卡)》及其副本、《纳税鉴定书》、《代征、代扣、代缴税款证书》、《纳税申报表》、《固定工商业户外销证明》、《税务检查证》的格式、印制、使用、管理,由省税务局确定。
第三十四条 本办法下列名词的含义是:
税务机关:系指省、市、地、县(市、区)税务局及其所属的税务分局、税务所、税务征收处、税务稽查队、税务检查站(组)。
主管税务机关:系指直接对纳税人进行征收管理的税务机关。
纳税人:系指依照税收法规的规定有纳税义务的单位和个人。
代征人:系指税务机关依照税收法规的规定,确定有代征、代扣、代缴税款义务的单位和个人。
第三十五条 本办法由省财政厅负责解释。
第三十六条 本办法自发布之日起施行。过去的有关规定与本办法相抵触的,一律按本办法执行。




1987年11月11日
GREEN JUSTICE: A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE

李恒翻译

NICOLE C. KIBERT
I. INTRODUCTION
Environmental injustice is a phenomena that occurs in the United States and around the world in which people of color and of lower socio-economic status are disproportionately affected by pollution, the sitting of toxic waste dumps, and other Locally Unwanted Land Uses (LULUs). This paper addresses the historical and philosophical backgrounds of environmental injustice and reviews potential legal, practical, and philosophical solutions for achieving environmental justice. Initially “environmental justice” was referred to as” environmental racism” because of the disproportionate impact on people of color; however, it is now clear that environmental health risks are foisted predominately on lower income groups of all racial and ethnic groups. In order to be inclusive, as well as to avoid the extra baggage that comes with calling an act “racist,” practitioners almost exclusively use the term “environmental justice” rather than” environmental racism.” Though a discussion regarding nomenclature may seem superfluous, in the context of a discussion of the origins and strategies for achieving environmental justice its actually integral. The way that a society assigns a connotation onto of a word’s denotation has an enormous impact on how a phrase will be interpreted by the general public. Use of the term” environmental justice” is a step in bringing the issue of constitutional right to live in a healthy environment for all people? not just to those who are interested in racial equality.
II. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE?
The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines” environmental justice” as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws regulations and policies. Fair treatment means that no group - including racial, ethnic rococo economic groups - should bear a disproportionate share of the
Negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and commercial operations or the execution of federal, cal, and tribal programs. Many studies have shown that, over the past 20 years, minorities - African Americans in particular - are more likely to live-in close proximity to an environmental hazard. Unfortunately, there are many examples to choose from to illustrate this observation. Colin Crawford, in his book, “Uproar at Dancing Creek,” discusses in great detail the efforts of an entrepreneur to site a new hazardous waste facility in Noxubee County, Mississippi. Conspicuously, when Crawford compared Noxubee County with other counties in Mississippi, he found that it had the highest annual average unemployment rate from 1970 ?1993, a high rate of functional illiteracy with only 51.34 percent of its adult population having high school diplomas, and by far the lowest per captaincies in the region. In addition, of the 12,500 people who lived in Noxubee County, 70 percent were African American and poor. Crawford found that sitting of a hazardous waste dump in this poor, largely Minority County was not an accident, but a calculated campaign. It pitted the poor African American majority and whites against the minority, but politically powerful, white population in false promise of economic development that would bring new jobs. As Crawford stated, “people who most often bear the dangers of living near the excreta of our acquisitive industrial society are thievery same ones who have been most abused throughout our history.”
III. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT
The official history of environmental justice is approximately 20years old. In 1979, in Houston, Texas, residents formed community action group to block a hazardous waste facility from being built in their middle-class African American Neighborhood. In 1982, environmental justice made news in Warren, North Carolina when a protest regarding the sitting of a PCB landfill in a predominantly African American area resulted in over 500 arrests. The Warren protest was followed by a report by the General Accounting Office which found that three out of four landfills in EPA Region 4 were located in predominately African American areas, even though those areas comprised only 20 percent of the region’s population. An additional report addressing environmental injustice was published in 1987 by the United Church of Christ entitled ‘Toxic Waste and Race in the United States’ which “found that the racial composition of a community ? more than socioeconomic status ? was the most significant determinant of whether or not a commercial hazardous waste facility would be located there.” The People of Color Environmental Leadership Seminar was held in 1991 in Washington D.C. and was attended by 650 people from around the world. The attendees adopted a set of “principles for environmental justice” that were circulated at the Earth Summit in1992 in Rio de Janeiro. In 1992, the EPA established an Environmental Equity Workgroup. On recommendation from this group, the EPA started an Office of Environmental Justice. In1994, the Center for Policy Alternatives took another look at the United Church of Christ 1987 report. They found that minorities are 47 percent more likely than others to live near hazardous waste facilities. The latest initiative in environmental justice occurred in 1994when President Clinton issued Executive Order No. 12898 which ordered federal agencies to comply with Title VI for all federally funded programs and activities that affect human health or the environment. Title VI states, “No person in the United States, shall, on the ground of race, color or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” Though overdue by environmental justice activist standards, President Clinton’s recognition of environmental justice increased government accountability, for which they were arguably already responsible, but now there was a clearly articulated standard.
IV .ORIGINS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE
The degradation of the environment is fundamentally tied to the disproportionate burden placed on the disenfranchised members of our society: minorities, women, and the poor. Several environmental philosophies have emerged ? among them Deep Ecology, Ecological Feminism, and Bioregionalism ? to attempt to explain how it became acceptable to exploit the environment while endangering the health of certain groups of humans in the name of economic development. In this section, a brief review of these ecological philosophies, as well as an examination of industrial risk analysis, are presented as possible explanations for the origins of environmental injustice. Industries and governments use risk analysis to determine whether to allow projects to move forward. “When landscapes and ecosystems are regarded as commodities, then members of an ecosystem, including human beings, are treated as ‘isolated and extractable units.’” Industrial risk analysis determines how much exposure is acceptable in terms of “one-in-a-hundred-thousand or one-in-a-million additional ‘acceptable’ deaths for toxic chemical exposure.” While neutral on its face, risk analysis serves as a means for justifying disproportionate treatment for some” acceptable” percentage of an exposed human population. However, this method is fundamentally flawed because there is no set standard for which tests to use in determining risks. Therefore, extremely different conclusions can be reached about the same risk depending on which tests are used. When a potentially hazardous project is being proposed, if it is a well-organized and economically well-off community, the community members will be able to come up with their own risk analysis numbers showing an unacceptable risk resulting in permit denial. However, if the negative impact is going to fall mainly on people who are not able to fight back, then the project will most likely go ahead with a risk analysis showing unacceptable risk by the permitting agency. There are alternatives to risk analysis that will be discussed infra, in the solutions for achieving environmental justice section. Deep Ecology is an ecological philosophy that places humans within the context of ecological systems rather than outside or central to the system. In addition, humans are considered to be equal, not superior or more important, in value to other components of an ecological system. It is a science based philosophy in that it is based on the connections of an ecological system, but it is also a true philosophy in that it encourages humans to delve “deep” into their fundamental values. Arne Ness, considered the father of Deep Ecology, has developed a set of seven tenets which, when considered together, would form a type of ecological consciousness. The fourth tenet focuses on anti-class posture. “Diversity of human ways of life is, in part, due to (intended or unintended) exploitation and suppression on the part of certain groups. The exploiter lives differently from the exploited, but both are adversely affected in their potentialities of self-realization.” Naess and supporters of Deep Ecology believe that if we could focus on the impact of all of our actions on everything in the system (and importantly place humans within the system) that we could achieve social justice and live in harmony with the environment. Another one of the tenets is to fight against pollution and resource depletion. Taken together, these two tenets describe environmental justice: to treat all people equally while reducing pollution. Naess believes that when one of the tenets is considered independently problems will arise, and either the environment or a class of people will suffer. Therefore, Deep Ecology requires inclusive, open thinking rather than the current industrial risk analysis focus that we now predominately use when determining whether to allow a polluting industry to develop or continue, or when determining where they can dump their hazardous waste.
There is a small but growing section in the ecological philosophy movement called “bioregionalism” that envisions a redrawing of political boundaries to follow the contours of local ecosystems.” The globalization of modern culture has contributed to the spread of institutional values which threaten cultural and ecological diversity.” This movement believes that it will be necessary for people to begin functioning on a regional level in order to preserve the environment and protect ourselves from the affects of polluting industry Bioregionalisms call this ‘living in place.’ Bioregionalism means that “you are aware of the ecology, economy, and culture of the place where you live, and are committed to making choices that them.” More radically they believe that people need to live in a sustainable way that involves living in regional units that provide for its inhabitants while co-existing with the natural ecosystem. Environmental injustice occurs because the emphasis for development is often not based on local needs or the preservation of cultural or biological diversity. When the emphasis is on the industrial needs, rather than cultural or ecological needs, environmental injustice is destined to occur some eco feminist theorists have stated that the feminization of nature is what started the ability to degrade the earth and people without regret. Popular environmental slogans state “love your mother.” However, equating the earth and nature to a woman can have negative consequences in a patriarchal society that does not respect women. A recent Earth First! Slogan illustrates the problem: “The Earth is a witch, and the men still burn her.” As an environmental movement we definitely do not want to encourage the idea that mother earth will absorb everything we lob at her without asking anything in return. “Mother in patriarchal cultures she who provides all of our sustenance and who makes disappear all of our waste products, she who satisfies all of our wants and needs endlessly without any cost to us. Mother is she who loves sand will take care of us no matter what.”

英文原文出自以下网站:
http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/vol17_1/kibert.pdf








绿色正义:环境非正义的全面剖析(译文)

NICOLE C. KIBERT
I. 介绍
环境的非正义经常发生在美国和世界其他地区的低收入人群之中,由于他们经济地位不高,所以更容易受到环境污染的影响,如有毒废料在这种群体中的传播以及对当地不需要的土地的利用(LULUs)等等,这是一种环境不公正是现象。本文从历史和哲学的角度来探讨环境不公道的现象和回顾潜在的法律, 实践,且从哲学的角度来解答如何达到环境正义。 最初的"环境正义" 是首先在"环境种族主义"提到的。它是对不同颜色的人的不均衡的冲击与歧视。但是, 现在的情况是确切的环境健康风险被蒙骗在更低的收入种族和族群中。为了将"环境种族主义"包含在“环境正义"之中,并且避免叫此行动为"种族主义者的额外行李"实践者几乎完全规定" 环境正义"相当于环境种族主义"虽然一次讨论关于命名原则也许似乎多余, 但就讨论的状况起源和战略上来讲,为达到环境正义,它实际上不可缺少。社会分配方式对公众关于一个词组的理解有着极大的影响。"环境正义" 是指依据宪法给予的权利,所有人民都应该居住在一个健康的环境之中,而不仅仅局限于种族平等。
II. 什么是环境正义?
美国环境保护代办处对"环境正义" 下的定义是:所有人民应当受到公平的对待和有效地介入到环境发展, 环境法章程和政策的实施和执行之中。不管种族, 颜色, 原国籍, 或收入。 公平对待意味没有小组,包括没有种族, 没有种族洛可可式的经济集团。对环境污染的责任,大家应该负担一个不均衡的份额。消极环境后果起因于工业,市政, 商业操作或施行的联邦、部族节目。许多研究显示:在过去20 年中, 少数非裔美国人特别容易遭受到由于环境污染而引起的危害。不幸地, 有许多例子可供选择来说明这种情况。Colin Crawford, 在他的书里, "跳舞小河的骚乱"中谈论到了那些了不起的企业家在努力选址的过程中将一种新的有害废料设施安排在密西西比的Noxubee 县。显眼地, 当Crawford 将Noxubee 县与其它县比较时, 他发现在1970 年-1993年间,它有最高的年平均失业率, 功能文盲也以一种高速率在增长。在其最低的captaincies区域,成人人口的百分之51.34 只有中学毕业证书。 另外, 12,500 人民居住在Noxubee 县, 百分之70 是非裔美国人和贫寒。 Crawford 发现了有害废料转储在这个贫寒县不主要是意外事故, 而是一次故意的竞选。少数非裔美国人,多数是白人, 在政治上强有力, 白人说这样会带来新工作机会,经济发展回更快的假的诺言。 如同Crawford 陈述, "谁经常忍受工业社会排泄物而在这种危险的环境之中生存的人往往是被历史忽略的人。"
III. 环境正义运动的简要历史
环境正义的正式历史起源于20多年前。1979 年,在休斯敦, 得克萨斯, 居民形成社区活动小组阻拦一种有害废料设施被修造在他们的中产阶级非裔美国人聚居地。1982 年, 最有新闻价值的关于环境正义的报道发生在北卡罗来纳。当一个抗议关于PCB 垃圾填埋在非裔美国人地区的会议取得了完全成功。 Warren的抗议报告发现了会计办公室的垃圾填埋在非裔美国人地区。虽然那些区域只有百分之20 住人。1987 年一个另外的报告演讲环境的不公道被出版了。由基督教会授权的"有毒废料和种族团结的教会"发现在团结的状态的社区是没有一种商业有害废料设施不会在那里被找出的。1991 年"颜色环境领导研讨会在华盛顿D.C.举行, 并且有世界各地650 个人出席了该会议。到会者采取了被散布在地球山顶的在里约热内卢的一套"环境正义"的原则。1992 年, EPA 建立了一个环境产权工作小组。由这个小组推荐, EPA 建立了环境正义办公室。1994年, 政策制定中心看了看基督团结教会在1987的报告, 他们发现少数人种比其他人多百分之47 的可能居住在有害废料设施附近。 最新的主动性环境正义发生在1994克林顿总统发布的行政命令中。第12898 文件下令联邦政府机关遵照标题VI ,杜绝所有联邦被资助的节目和活动影响人类健康或环境。标题VI 表明:"没有人将在美国的地面,受到种族, 颜色或原国籍的歧视从而被排除, 被否认而得不到好处,大家都有权根据任一节目或活动接受联邦经济援助。"根据环境正义活动家标准, 克林顿政府增加了政府责任, 为那些争论已经负起了责任,现在有了一个清楚、明确的表达标准。
IV. 环境不公道的起源
环境的退化的负担根本上被不均衡地安置在我们的社会的不同阶层: 少数民族, 妇女, 和贫寒人口。从而涌现了环境哲学,在他们之中有深刻的生态主义, 生态学女权主义者都试图解释怎么使环境污染以经济发展的名义危及特定人群健康的时候变得可接受。在这个部分, 对这些生态学哲学进行简要的回顾, 并且对工业风险进行分析检测, 提出了环境不公道的起源可能的解释。产业和政府使用风险分析确定是否允许项目进行。"当风景和生态系统被认定为商品, 然后生态系的成员, 包括人, 被认为是被隔绝的和可取的单位。"工业风险分析确定是可接受的根据"。但是, 这个方法是根本上有缺陷的因为没有测试使用在确定风险的集合标准。所以, 极端不同的结论可能是使测试与不测试达到大致同样的风险。当一个潜在地危害项目被提议, 如果这是在一个组织完善和经济上充裕的社区, 社区成员能产生他们自己的风险分析数字显示一种不能接受的风险造从而否认许可证。但是, 如果负面地影响使得人们无力还击, 该项目很可能在先前的风险分析显示不能接受的情况下被允许。他们将有选择性地对风险分析进行讨论,来达到环境正义。本质的生态是安置人在生态学系统而不是在外部或中央之内的生态学哲学。另外, 人被认为是平等的, 没有特权和贵贱, 按价值对一个生态学系统的其它组分。生态系统的其他价值是基于其哲学价值的,而哲学价值又是以生态系统本身为根本,并且他又是一个哲学理念,那就是鼓励人们将这一本质作为其基础价值。Arne Ness,深刻生态主义之父, 开发了一套七条原则,当组合在一起时, 会形成一种生态学意识。第四个原则焦点在反类姿势。"人的生活方式变化, 一部分是由于(意欲的或不愿意的) 开发和镇压在某些小组而形成。开发与剥削不同, 但两个均有害地影响了认识自我的潜在性。"深刻生态主义者Naess 和他的支持者相信如果我们能将所有的影响我们的一切行动在系统中集中起来。(重要地是安置人在系统之内) 那我们就能达到社会正义和居住与环境一致。另外一个原则则是与污染和资源怠尽做斗争。将其结合起来, 这两条原则就描述了环境正义: 相等地对待所有人民,努力减少环境污染。Naess 相信这两个原则当中的一个独立地出现时, 一部分环境或人类将遭受污染。所以, 深刻的生态要求包含的,开放的思维与价值观比起我们经常使用的工业风险分析来确定是否允许污染产业出现或继续,或确定何处他们能倾销他们的有害废料的方法要好得多。有一个影响小但正在增长的部分在生态学哲学中叫做" bioregionalism"的运动正在侵蚀着政治经济系统。 "现代文化的全球化对文化的传播和生态学价值的变化作出了贡献。这运动相信, 对于人们而言将非常有必要开展一种机制来保存环境和保护自己免受污染产业影响。Bioregionalisms 认为这叫居住到位。 Bioregionalism 意味着 "您意识到生态, 经济, 和您居住地方的文化, 并且承诺做出他们的选择。"他们更加根本地相信,人们需要一种能够与之相邻的自然生态系相共生的一种能承受的方法。环境不公道的发生主要是因为为发展经济经常不根据地方需要或文化或生物变化而开发。当着眼于工业需要, 而不是文化或生态学需要时, 环境不公道则像女权理论家阐明的那样将贬低地球和人民的能力而没有遗憾。普遍的环境口号陈述为"爱您的母亲"。然而, 视同地球和自然像妇女一样使我们忽略了一种消极的后果,那就是我们在一个家长式社会中而不尊敬妇女。最近地球首先 喊出一种口号: "地球是妓女, 男人仍在奸污她"。正如我们正在进行的环保运动一样,大地母亲将吸收一切我们抛投在她那里的东西并且没有要求任何东西的回报。 "母亲在家长式文化下提供所有我们的生计并且吸收我们的废品, 她无限制地满足所有我们的需要而不计我们任何的费用。不管我们是什么,大地母亲都会像爱他的儿子一样爱护我们。


李恒,东华大学法学专业毕业,法学学士。潜心研学环境法学多年,有多篇相关文章在各类法学杂志发表,希望结交致力于环保法律事业的朋友!
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